Journal of Green Energy Research and Innovation
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Adaptive Backstepping Control of an Autonomous Multi-Bus ‎Microgrid based on Grid-forming/Grid-following Strategy ‎Under Unbalanced Load Conditions

Document Type : Research article

Author

Mohammad Mahdi Rezaei

Department of Electrical Engineering, ‎Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad ‎University, Khomeinishahr, Isfahan, Iran.

https://doi.org/10.61186/jgeri.2.1.20
Abstract
In this article, in order to maintain the voltage and frequency of a multi-bus island microgrid, a robust control strategy ‎is proposed. The microgrid under study is a medium voltage distribution system consisting of several inverter-based ‎distributed generation (DG) units, and a combination of balanced and unbalanced local loads. Based on the Grid- ‎forming/Grid-following structure, a robust voltage controller is designed based on the adaptive backstepping control ‎method to keep the voltage and frequency of the Grid-forming unit at predefined values.  In addition, to adjust the ‎active/reactive powers of the Grid-following units, a direct power controller based on adaptive input-output feedback ‎linearization control method is proposed.  The negative sequence component of unbalanced local loads current is ‎compensated by the proposed power controller. Only local measurements are used in designing of the controllers; ‎therefore, the proposed method is independent of the topology of microgrid, the parameters of the system, and the ‎dynamics of loads. The controllers presented in this article are robust and stable against various disturbances and ‎parameter uncertainties. after outage of Grid-following unit, the power generated by the Grid-forming unit is adaptively ‎adjusted so that the absence of generation at PC2 is offset. In addition, despite the mismatched filter resistance and ‎accidental outage of Grid-following unit, even under non-local unbalanced load condition the proposed voltage ‎controller robustly regulates the voltage waveform of MG with a reasonable transient. Validity and effectiveness of the ‎proposed control strategy are shown based on time domain studies in MATLAB/Simulink environment‎.

Graphical Abstract

Adaptive Backstepping Control of an Autonomous Multi-Bus ‎Microgrid based on Grid-forming/Grid-following Strategy ‎Under Unbalanced Load Conditions

Highlights

❖ Microgrid Control: A robust strategy maintains voltage and frequency in multi-bus island microgrids.
❖ Grid-forming/Grid-following: Adaptive backstepping controls voltage and frequency, while direct power control manages active/reactive powers.
❖ Local Measurement-based Design: The system uses local measurements for control, independent of microgrid specifics.
❖ Stability and Robustness: The controllers ensure stable operation, handling disturbances and parameter uncertainties effectively.

Keywords

Microgrid (MG)
Distributed Generation (DG)
Grid-forming/Grid-following control structure
Adaptive Backstepping

 

Declaration of Competing Interest

The author declares that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The ethical issues, including plagiarism, informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication and/or falsification, double publication and/or submission, and redundancy, have been completely observed by the author.

Credit Authorship Contribution Statement
Mohammad Mahdi Rezaei: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Roles/Writing - original draft, Writing-review & editing.

Bibliography

Mohammad Mahdi Rezaei received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran, in 2007, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, in 2015. He is currently an Associated Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. His main areas of research are control of microgrids, distributed generations, and design, optimization and implementation of electrical drives.


Citation

M.M. Rezaie," Adaptive Backstepping Control of an Autonomous Multi-Bus Microgrid based on Grid-forming/Grid-following Strategy Under Unbalanced Load Conditions," Journal of Green Energy Research and Innovation, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 20-31, 2025.

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  • Receive Date 26 June 2024
  • Revise Date 19 July 2024
  • Accept Date 11 August 2024
  • Publish Date 01 March 2025

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