Journal of Green Energy Research and Innovation
Quarterly

Lightning Protection of WT Grounding Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Time-Frequency Effects and Modeling Techniques

Articles in Press

Document Type : Review article

Authors

Omid Heydari
Hassan Moradi
Shahram Karimi
Hamdi Abdi

Razi University

10.61186/jgeri.2026.2072916.1080
Abstract
This study reviews approaches and models for WT and tower grounding systems and their protection against lightning, based on a core set of approximately sixty (∼60) grounding-focused scientific articles. This article also deals with various aspects such as the dependence of electrical properties of soil on frequency, the effect of ionization, heterogeneity and classification of soil and the optimal position of electrodes as well as the connection arrangements of WTs in a field. This review also deals with the effects of direct and indirect lightning on turbines, voltage distribution between turbines and the behavior of the earth system at different frequencies. At the end, the points in the reviewed articles are in the form of diagrams for a better understanding of the various topics discussed and a comprehensive view. This work shows the limitations and study gaps of previous works with recommendations for the evolution of lightning protection systems for WTs and tall electrical structures.

Keywords

WTs
ground system
lightning
modelling
GPR
Journal of Green Energy Research and Innovation

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 16 April 2026

  • Receive Date 27 September 2025
  • Revise Date 26 December 2025
  • Accept Date 01 February 2026
  • Publish Date 16 April 2026

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