Capability of Economic Operation of Renewable Integrated Energy System with Electric Vehicles and Hydrogen Storage in Smart Distribution Grid

Document Type : Research article

Authors

1 Department of Engineering, kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Ke.C., Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

10.61882/jgeri.2026.2096328.1127
Abstract
This research presents an economic management framework for a smart distribution network integrated with a renewable-based energy system equipped with hydrogen storage and electric transportation technologies. The proposed configuration combines multiple renewable resources, such as photovoltaic, wind, and bio-waste energy units, to improve the sustainability, reliability, and operational effectiveness of the network. Furthermore, various types of electric vehicles, including battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles, are modeled as distributed mobile storage assets within the integrated energy system. The optimization objective is formulated to achieve minimum operational expenditure while simultaneously maintaining all required technical and physical limitations. The considered constraints encompass network power flow equations, operational restrictions, renewable generation models, hydrogen storage dynamics, electric vehicle charging and discharging characteristics, and the electricity–hydrogen energy balance of the integrated system. The simulation outcomes verify that the proposed coordinated energy management strategy effectively enhances the economic and technical performance of the smart distribution network. By optimally coordinating stationary hydrogen-based storage and mobile electric vehicle storage resources, the proposed approach improves the operational capability and economic efficiency of the distribution system by approximately 43.9%–57.6% and 42.5%, respectively, compared with conventional load flow-based operation.

Keywords



Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 09 October 2026

  • Receive Date 01 August 2026
  • Revise Date 21 September 2026
  • Accept Date 09 October 2026
  • Publish Date 09 October 2026