Journal of Green Energy Research and Innovation

Abstract With the growing need for sustainable and optimized energy supply in industrial areas, microgrids have ‎emerged as an effective solution. Accordingly, selecting capable companies to provide energy through ‎industrial microgrids requires a structured evaluation and ranking process. This paper presents a hybrid ‎decision-making framework that integrates Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) and ‎Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS) to assess and rank energy supply applicants. Key criteria and ‎sub-criteria, including technical-operational, economic, environmental, managerial, service-oriented, and ‎future development aspects, were identified and weighted based on expert judgment. A customized utility ‎formulation was applied within the COPRAS method to accommodate domain-specific priorities. A case study ‎involving three candidate companies demonstrated the practical application of the framework: Supplier A ‎achieved the highest utility score (Q = 0.3445) and consistently ranked first across multiple weighting ‎scenarios. Comparative analysis with AHP + TOPSIS confirmed the reliability of the results. The proposed ‎framework offers transparency, adaptability, and robustness, making it a valuable decision-support tool for ‎industrial energy procurement‎‎.‎‎‎

Abstract This study explores the optimization of light shelf systems to enhance daylight performance and reduce energy consumption in office buildings located in hot and dry climates, with a focus on Isfahan. Given the region’s high solar radiation and the critical role of buildings in energy usage, the research employs a hybrid methodology that integrates parametric simulation with multi-objective optimization. The modeling was performed using Rhinoceros and Grasshopper, while daylight analysis utilized the Honeybee plugin with Radiance, and energy simulation relied on EnergyPlus. Findings indicate that the optimal light shelf configuration—an 85 cm external depth, a 28° tilt angle, and a 0.9 reflectance—can reduce annual Energy Use Intensity (EUI) by up to 5.8% and improve Spatial Useful Daylight Illuminance (sUDI) by 53%. Additionally, glare was reduced by 70% during midday hours. These results highlight the effectiveness of integrating passive daylighting strategies in sustainable architectural design for hot and arid climates.

Abstract The Z-source inverter (ZSI) is considered a suitable configuration for renewable energy systems due to its ability to provide both voltage step-up and step-down in a single stage. ZSI in renewable energy systems typically requires an appropriate closed-loop control strategy to ensure voltage regulation, grid connection, and maximum power point tracking (MPPT). Linear control strategies are generally formulated based on local linearization around a predefined operating point. Nevertheless, this approach does not guarantee the stability of a nonlinear system over a wide range of operating conditions. In this research, a novel multi-input multi-output (MIMO) Interconnection and Damping Assignment Passivity-Based Control (IDA-PBC) scheme is proposed for controlling the operation of a grid-connected single-phase ZSI. The dynamic behavior of the ZSI is modeled using the state-space averaging technique. Subsequently, the obtained averaged model is transformed into a port-controlled Hamiltonian (PCH) framework. The proposed IDA-PBC approach is capable of regulating all system state variables, including the grid-side AC current and the voltage across the DC-link capacitors. These states are regulated through the amplitude modulation index and the shoot-through duty cycle. Utilizing Lyapunov-based analysis, the asymptotic stability of the proposed control strategy is analytically verified. Furthermore, the controller achieves zero steady-state error in tracking both the DC-link reference voltage and the grid-injected AC reference current. The control design also demonstrates strong stability and robustness with respect to variations in system parameters. A series of simulations in MATLAB/Simulink have been conducted to assess the performance and robustness of the proposed control methodology.

Abstract Power systems integrated with renewable energy sources represent inherently complex and nonlinear structures, often subject to significant frequency deviations and power oscillations, particularly during periods of production shortfall under dynamic and high-load conditions. Furthermore, continuous fluctuations in load demand contribute to variations in grid frequency, transmission line power flow, and the output of generation units. To address these challenges, modern power grids employ Automatic Generation Control (AGC) systems. AGC functions to restore system frequency to its nominal value by utilizing a control metric known as the Area Control Error (ACE), while also ensuring that scheduled inter-area power transfers are maintained at their predefined levels. Achieving production balance in such situations is highly challenging. To address this issue, advanced control techniques and rapid energy storage systems (ESS ) are required. ESS units, such as Capacitive Energy Storage (CES ) systems, exhibit remarkable capabilities in balancing production demand and grid frequency demand. These systems effectively reduce power frequency oscillations caused by sudden and variable load disturbances, thereby regulating the frequency of the power system.

Accordingly, this study investigates the influence of Compressed Energy Storage (CES) units on the performance of AGC within a robust, interconnected power system. Given that fuzzy control methodologies are known to outperform traditional techniques under highly dynamic and uncertain operational environments, a novel multi-stage intelligent fuzzy Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller with an integrated filter (1+PI), referred to as FPIDF (1+PI), is proposed. This advanced control strategy aims to improve the overall effectiveness and stability of AGC operations. Simulation outcomes substantiate the enhanced performance of the proposed controller relative to conventional approaches.

Abstract This plan outlines an energy scheduling strategy for a distribution grid with multi-microgrid systems, based on the assessment of economic and operational indicators within the microgrids. The microgrid operates on a multi-bus structure, incorporating renewable sources like solar and wind alongside non-renewable resources and hydrogen storage systems. The primary objective is to minimize the operational costs of microgrids and associated resources. The problem is subject to various constraints, including the optimal power flow formulation for the microgrids, performance models of renewable and non-renewable units, and the dynamics of storage devices. Due to the non-convex and nonlinear nature of the formulation, a honey-bee mating optimization method is employed to ensure a reliable solution with minimal deviation toward the final result. The findings demonstrate the plan’s potential to enhance both the technical and economic performance of microgrids. Specifically, energy scheduling for the included units and storage systems can improve operational efficiency by approximately 59.2% and economic conditions by about 44.2%. Furthermore, the proposed solution approach achieves sustainable computing conditions by delivering near-optimal solutions with low computational time and a standard deviation of just 0.97% in the final results.

Abstract This study proposes a control-integrated architecture for a Fully Parallel Embedded Z-Source Inverter (FPEZSI) with a Quad-Leg topology, designed for Flexible Photovoltaic (FPV) systems in low-voltage four-wire distribution networks. The inverter addresses critical power quality challenges under distorted grid conditions and non-linear, unbalanced loading. Its topology incorporates two isolated DC sources—typically PV arrays—within an X-shaped impedance network, ensuring continuous DC input current and eliminating the need for bulky LC filters, thereby improving system compactness and cost-efficiency. The Quad-Leg configuration enables full neutral current compensation, essential for unbalanced four-wire grids. A corrected p-q control strategy is developed to support multifunctional operation, including Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Active Power Filtering (APF), and DC bus voltage regulation. This unified control approach allows simultaneous energy extraction, harmonic mitigation, and voltage stabilization. Performance evaluation under distorted voltage and asymmetrical load conditions confirms the inverter’s dynamic stability and harmonic suppression capabilities. The system achieves a boost factor of B=1.8 at a modulation index of D=0.3, maintains a stable DC link voltage at VC=550 V, and reduces source current Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) to 0.81%, significantly outperforming the IEEE 519 standard threshold of 5%. These results validate the FPEZSI’s reliability, scalability, and suitability for smart grid integration and advanced energy management, particularly in distributed renewable environments requiring robust power quality and multifunctional inverter control.